Annals of Applied Sport Science
Volume:7 Issue: 2, Summer 2019

Evaluating motor skills and using an appropriate tool for the diagnosis and evaluation of motor proficiency in preschool-aged children seems critical.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity, reliability, and sensitivity of the Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition Brief Form (BOT-2 BF), in preschool children.

A total of 306 preschool children (aged four to seven years) participated in this study. To evaluate the validity of the test, the canonical correlation statistic method was used to calculate the correlation between the subscales of this test and the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC) test. To evaluate the reliability by the time reliability method, 50 subjects were retested after an interval of two weeks. The sensitivity analysis and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) tests were used to determine the ability to diagnose a developmental coordination disorder (DCD).

The results of the canonical correlation analysis showed that there is a significant linear relationship (p<0.001) between the BOT-2 and the MABC tests. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC=0.80) was high for time reliability. The appropriate cutoff point was 13. At this point, the area under the ROC curve was 0.91 for sensitivity and 0.93 for the characteristic, and in general, the area under the curve was 0.97.

According to the results of this study, it seems that the BOT-2 has an appropriate validity and reliability as well as a high sensitivity and characteristic in preschool children, and can be used to evaluate motor skills and diagnose children with DCD.

Stakeholders in school sport are individuals and groups whose role is to promote the success of sport programs, activities and events in schools. Understanding stakeholders’ interests and behaviors can play a constructive role in the performance of schools. In this regard, their participation in the process of planning, implementing, and monitoring school sports is the best way to develop school sports.

The aim of this study was to identify and classify stakeholders to provide a framework for stakeholders’ participation in school sport decisions.

The present study employed a descriptive-survey research method. The research population consisted of all experts of the physical education department and health of education ministry, general offices of provinces, cities and towns, as well as physical education teachers. The data were collected in two steps: first the systematic interviewing technique was conducted with 16 specialists in the field of school sport to identify the stakeholders. Then, a researcher-made questionnaire in line with Freemanchr('39')s Classification method (2007) and Mitchellchr('39')s et al. stakeholder salience model with confirmed reliability and validity was distributed among the samples for stakeholders’ categorization.

The results of the study suggested that students, teachers, and physical education and health department are the most important and primary stakeholders, followed by parents and governmental organizations.

 The results of the study revealed that the effective relationship between primary and secondary stakeholders and their participation in decision-making are the most significant factors for the proper performance of schools’ sport.

Impulse buying is a complicated human buying behavior. It is influenced by factors such as income level, consumption pattern, lifestyle changes, sociocultural variables, and increased buying power. Under its influence, consumers buy unreasonably and in an unplanned fashion.

The objective of this study is to develop and validate the impulse buying evaluation scale proposed by Nazari & Ghaderi (2011).

The statistical population consisted of 598 customers of sports stores who were selected by convenience sampling. In this study, Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test was used to verify the natural distribution of data, Cronbach’s alpha was used to determine internal consistency, KMO test was used to determine sampling adequacy, exploratory factor analysis was used to initially identify items, and confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the construct’s validity and to confirm the factor structure of the scale.

The findings show that all the subscales examined—including factors related to product, situational, psychological-behavioral, and impulse buying—have good reliability and validity.

Therefore, this scale could be used to measure impulse buying behavior of customers of sports stores, based on which more efficient sports marketing plans can be developed.

The clubs of the premier league and the basketball federation need to attract and retain fans and sponsors in order to earn financial revenues, through the proper model of branding, to be of interest to the media and customers.

Thus, the purpose of this study was to identify the internal factors and challenges in the branding of the Iranian basketball league.

This research based on purpose is practical and based on field research is a qualitative research type. The statistical population of this study consisted of knowledgeable experts in the field of brand and basketball sport. Based on snowball sampling method, to the extent of reaching the theoretical saturation, 19 individuals were selected as a statistical sample. In this study, the data collection tool was a qualitative interview. Grounded theory was used to collect and analyze data.

Totally 89 tokens were identified in the open source coding process, that in the first stage, coding was classified into 11 classes in terms of subject and concept closeness. Also, results showed that the factors and challenges of the branding in Iranian Basketball League were three main factors, such as the philosophy and nature of basketball and the nature of sport.

Based on our results, identification of the internal branding factors and challenges of the Iranian Basketball League was recognized and the proposed model was presented based on identified cases at three levels of operational, intermediate and strategic.

Several studies have been conducted on the valuation of the intangible assets of organizations not relating to sport. However, there is no comprehensive study in the sport organizations especially in Iran. It is not clear what criteria are required at different levels by the sport organizations especially volleyball clubs to evaluate their intangible assets.

In spite of the increasing importance of the intangible assets in various industries, little has been done on the identification of the underlying factors and valuation of this category of assets in sport industry. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to design an economic valuation model of the intangible assets of the volleyball clubs in Iran.

The sample of the present study in the qualitative section consisted of 47 subjects with 600 subjects participating in the quantitative section. Through application of Cochran formula, the sample size was estimated to be 234 subjects. The study was conducted in a survey method. To this end, first, the intangible assets of the Iranian volleyball clubs were identified using a qualitative method and then analyzed through structural equation modeling (SEM) PLS3 and SPSS22.

The factors with the greatest effects on economic valuation of intangible assets of Iranian volleyball clubs were communication capital, spiritual capital, structural capital and human capital. Thus, it was found that in the economic valuation of intangible assets of Iranian volleyball clubs, the indices such as the relationship between investors and partners and their loyalty in communication capital had the highest value among other indices. Further, the club history and success had the same status in promoting spiritual capital, governing culture of the club, development outlook document of the club in the structural capital, management of contracts, and the number of national players in the club in human capital.

The results of the present study suggested that the proposed conceptual model can be applied by researchers, administrative and financial managers of volleyball clubs and the experts of the privatization organization to have a more comprehensive and precise evaluation of the valuation of intangible assets of a club.

The consumer of a brand is able to influence brands through the use of social media, and this implies why the active relationship between consumers, brand and brand owners is important In the field of sports, fans as club customers also have the ability to influence the brand, including creating value. Therefore, investigating value creation strategies in brand communities based on the use of social media by the clubs’ fans is a tangible necessity.

The current study is conducted to identify the value creation strategies in members of the brand community of fans in social media.

The research has a qualitative design. At the initial stage, using library studies, important value creation factors were extracted and categorized into four categories related to branding, product, interaction and networking. In the second stage, a qualitative tool was used for coding and interpreting. The research process included the conduction of a semi-structured interview with 15 academic and executive experts of sports marketing and social media.

The findings of this study showed that four factors related to the value creation strategy including branding, effectiveness, networking and dynamization were identified regarding the value creation done by fans of professional clubs in social media.

The overall conclusion obtained by the expertschr('39') point of view in terms of value creation done by fans in social media is that it is necessary to focus on these four areas professionally.

Today, all the fields, including science, business, industry, and sports, are influenced by the profound and sustained changes. New rules arise every day; organizations, especially sports clubs, are in an endless struggle to gain competitive advantage in the battle for survival and power stealth. The main function of competitive advantage is to guarantee the survival of organizations, so that they can succeed in their path to developments.

This study is a field research aimed to model the competitive advantage of Iranian Soccer Clubs based on the team reputation considering the satisfaction level of fans.

The statistical population of the study included the fans of the teams of Iranian Premier League (2017-2018), among which 384 fans were selected as the sample. The measurement tool included the questionnaires of the public relations, brand image and identity, satisfaction, team reputation, and competitive advantage. Validity and reliability of the questionnaires were confirmed by experts using the Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM) and Cronbachchr('39')s alpha test. The descriptive statistical tests including the central tendency, dispersion, and inferential statistics (the structural equation test) were used for data analysis. SPSS software version 19 was used for the descriptive analysis and LISREL software for the analysis of the structural equation modeling.

The variables of public relations, brand identity, and brand image have a positive and significant effect on the team reputation. Also, satisfaction level of fans has a positive and significant effect on the competitive advantage of soccer clubs.

The findings confirmed the significance of the conceptual model of the research. However, more studies should be conducted to identify other dimensions influencing the competitive advantage of teams.